Vernacular architecture is the most widespread form of building in India, constructed through traditional building methods by local builders without using the services of a professional architect. Vernacular architecture has been built by different civilizations in their own styles based on the local conditions. In India they comprise different categories – from mud-plastered to reed-thatched to timber-framed – in accordance with the availability of local material.
Skillful craftsmanship of the local people has helped vernacular architecture in India evolve organically over time. Some houses are built to withstand earthquakes, while others can be rebuilt quickly if washed away by heavy monsoon rains.
Materials used
In areas where there are limitations of building material, natural materials such a mud, grass, bamboo, thatch or sticks are used for semi-permanent structures which require constant maintenance and replacement. The advantages of such architecture are the construction materials are cheap and easily available and relatively little labor is required.
As the needs and resources of the people change, vernacular architecture evolve to include more durable materials such as stones, clay tiles, metals etc. Though they are more expensive to build, they are very durable structures.
Climate has a major influence
Climate has a major influence on vernacular architecture. High thermal mass or significant amounts of insulation characterize buildings in cold climates. Lighter materials are used to construct buildings in warm climates and designed for sufficient cross-ventilation through openings in the fabric of the building.
In areas which have high levels of rainfall, flat roofs are avoided. Similarly, areas with strong winds make dwellings in such a way that they can withstand the wind pressure.
Specialisations of this nature are not designed by professional architects, but learnt by trial and error by local residents. Some constructions have been made long before scientific theories which explain why they work evolved.
See video on climate-appropriate architecture and the skillful use of local resources in the Village of Marikal.
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